18-07: Managing Pipe Stresses and End Loads Utilizing Rubber Expansion Joints History of Cooling Towers

18-07: Managing Pipe Stresses and End Loads Utilizing Rubber Expansion Joints History of Cooling TowersIt is a fundamental principle that all piping systems require support and some degree of flexibility. Todays pipe stress engineer must go beyond checking for just allowable pipe stresses but must also check for load limitations on the equipment and or support structure. In this regard, it is helpful to look at several alternative solutions for the same application and compare the different end loading results. four alternative solutions can include

but more important to stimulate further investigations in this essential field

the treatment costs

Legionella testing is required and chlorine residual control ranges are specified

as they represent considerable investment

The cleaning and diversion while maintaining tower operation and plant operation has never before been attempted anywhere in Canada and is possible the first ever done anywhere in the world

workmanship

The use of an awl for inspections with quantifiable residual strength results appears to be promising

independent of species or mutation

but they generally have not been followed

We were also aware of impending phosphorus-based cooling water programs because there simply persisted in perfecting phosphorus-based cooling water programs

bromine chloride

The State and Federal regulatory bodies are expected to sanction control stand­ards that will negate the use of chromates and zinc without acceptable disposal methods